Discrete‐time sector based hands‐off control for nonlinear system

This article presents a hands‐off control design for discrete‐time nonlinear system with a special type of nonlinear sector termed as “discrete‐time sector.” The design method to define the boundary of a discrete‐time sector is done with control‐Lyapunov function. The generalization of nonlinear system is viewed in the perspective of a comparison function. By means of a proposed sector, a switching control is designed such that no control action is experienced inside the sector thus, saving unnecessary control efforts. However, to study the robustness for discrete‐time system, a hands‐off control is modified to ensure the monotonic decrease in the energy of the system. Finally, the proposed approach is verified with the simulation results.     

Holding State Performance Amelioration by Exploitation of NMOS Body Effect in 1T DRAM Cells

In this study curtailing of idle current in 1T1C and 1T1M DRAM cells by increasing threshold voltage during holding state is analyzed. This is attained by connecting the bulk to source in the active phases and pulling it below source potential throughout the holding phase. The proposed technique leads to body effect which affects the threshold voltage improving leakage current. The 1T1C and 1T1M discussed in this paper are volatile and non-volatile (memristor based) respectively. Memory design is fast becoming the pacemaker in the modern technology design which now requires DRAM cells with prolonged holding period and low idle power hence the need for lowering the leakage current. The dynamic nature of the 1T1C is due to charge leakage and the leakage current flowing through the 1T1M cell affects mem-resistance all this leading to state distortion. Idle current has of-late become one of the major contributors of power in large memory arrays in which in-active periods now dominates active period and by this technique idle power is reduced in both volatile and non-volatile cells. The proposed technique was implemented and simulations were done at different voltage levels at 45 nm technology. The method improved the leakage current, holding time and leakage power but at the expense of area and writing power.     

Peanut FAD2 Genotype and Growing Location Interactions Significantly Affect the Level of Oleic Acid in Seeds

The level of oleic acid is an important parameter in determining seed nutritional quality and oil stability. The level of oleic acid in peanut is genetically controlled by a pair of fatty acid desaturase genes (FAD2A and FAD2B), but the environmental conditions of the production sites can also have a significant effect. To investigate the effect of gene and environment interaction, 45 accessions were grown at three locations for 2 years. Environmental data were collected; individual plants were genotyped with functional SNP markers from FAD2A and FAD2B; and seed level of oleic acid was determined by gas chromatography. Three FAD2A/FAD2B genotypes (448G/no insertion 442A, 448A/no insertion 442A, and 448A/insertion 442A) were identified and designated as G/W, A/W, and A/A, respectively. A/A genotype averaged the highest level of oleic acid (80.0%), followed by A/W (56.0%), and then G/W (40.7%). Analysis of gene and environment interaction revealed that oleic acid phenotype plasticity could be explained by the interaction of FAD2 genotype and photothermal time, which quantified environmental conditions. The A/W genotype was the most sensitive to photothermal time changes. The oleic acid plasticity revealed in this study would be useful for breeders, farmers, and product processors.     

Experimental analysis and development of correlations for gas holdup in high pressure slurry co-current bubble columns

The effect of liquid and gas velocities, solid concentrations, and operating pressure has been studied experimentally in a 15 cm diameter air-water-glass beads bubble column. The superficial gas and liquid velocities varied from 1.0 to 40.00 cm/s and 0 to 16.04 cm/s, respectively, while the solid loading varied from 1 to 9%. The gas holdup in the column was reduced sharply as we switched from batch to co-current mode of operation. At low gas velocity, the effect of liquid velocity was insignificant; while at high gas velocity, increasing liquid velocity decreased the gas holdup. Drift flux approach was applied to quantify the combined effect of liquid and gas velocities over gas holdup. For co-current three phase flows, the gas holdup decreased with increase in solid loading for all pressures. But for batch operations, when solid loading was 5% or more, settling started leading to higher gas holdup. Increasing pressure from atmospheric conditions increased the gas holdup significantly, flattening asymptotically.     

Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Formation of Unstable Sulfinyl Radicals for the Synthesis of Sulfinates and Thiosulfonates

Copper‐catalyzed aerobic coupling of thiols and alcohols affords sulfinates and thiosulfonates. These products are assumed to form via sulfinyl radicals which are not commonly found in oxidative coupling reactions of thiols. A reaction mechanism involving sulfinyl radicals is proposed, and mass and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experimental results are provided.

     

Rapid detection and quantification of soya bean oil and common sugar in bovine milk using attenuated total reflectance–fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, along with chemometrics, were used to detect and quantify soya bean oil (SO) and sugar (CS) adulteration in milk. Bovine milk was artificially adulterated with SO (0.2–2.0%; v/v) and CS (1–10%; w/v) separately. Spectra revealed significant differences in specific wavenumber regions (SO: 1450–1250 cm^?1; CS: 1200–900 cm^?1). Soya bean oil adulteration was best predicted in wavenumber range of 1262–1164 cm^?1, using partial least square regression (coefficient of determination (R²: 0.90 and 0.88 for calibration and validation, respectively). Common sugar adulteration was best predicted in wavenumber range of 1010–910 cm^?1 (R²: 0.99 for calibration and validation) using partial least square.     

Selective separation and characterisation of dual ACE and DPP-IV inhibitory peptides from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) protein hydrolysates

Microwave pretreatment and hydrolysis were applied to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by-products to produce bioactive peptides with dual in vitro angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activities. Peptides were fractionated using the single step electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membrane (EDUF). Concentration of cationic peptides (CP) increased in the recovery solution, reaching 125 μg mL⁻¹ after a 4-h treatment with migration rate of 15.68 ± 2.98 g m⁻² h. CP fractions displayed ACE and DPP-IV I inhibitory properties, with IC₅₀ values of 0.0036 mg mL⁻¹ and 1.23 mg mL⁻¹ respectively. The bioactivity was attributed to the low molecular weight peptides (300–500 Da) recovered. CP exhibited non-competitive inhibition patterns for ACE and DPP-IV, which were dose dependent. These results showed that bioactive peptides can successfully be separated from complex hydrolysate mixtures by EDUF. The fractionated peptides can serve as potential functional food ingredients or nutraceuticals for the management of hypertension and diabetes.